Assalamualaikum dan salam sejahtera kepada semua pembaca Petiktetikus Apakah itu Hacker?. Adakah mereka ini individu yang baik atau berbahaya?. Pada hari ini saya ingin kongsikan siapakah mereka ini dan bagaimana kewujudan mereka ini merevolusikan sistem pengkomputeran seperti kita ketahui sekarang. Hacker adalah orang yang "memecah masuk" komputer
dan rangkaian sistem komputer, sama ada untuk mendapat keuntungan ataupun
didorong oleh cabaran.Dahulunya budaya menggodam sebenarnya berasal daripada
kumpulan "Underground" yang mana ia sulit dan bergerak secara rahsia.tetapi tahun demi tahun ia telah berkembang dan kini terbuka kepada
masyarakat.Penggodam merupakan seseorang yang menikmati dan meneroka butiran sistem
aturcara dan bagaimana hendak meningakatkan keupayaan komputer tersebut.
Kebiasaannya, mereka ini mempunyai penegtahuan mendalam mengenai komputer dan rangkaian internet.
Menggodam komputer adalah amalan mengubahsuai perkakasan dan perisian komputer untuk mencapai matlamat di luar maksud asal pencipta. Orang yang terlibat dalam aktiviti menggodam komputer sering dipanggil pengodam(hacker). Oleh kerana perkataan "hack" telah lama digunakan untuk menggambarkan seseorang yang tidak cekap pada profesion /, ada penggodam yang mendakwa istilah ini adalah menyakitkan hati dan tidak memberi pengiktirafan yang sesuai dengan kemahiran mereka.Sebagai perbandingan kepada orang-orang yang membangunkan kepentingan dalam menggodam komputer daripada rasa ingin tahu intelektual mudah, sesetengah penggodam mempunyai motif yang kurang mulia seperti mencuri maklumat peribadi, menukar data kewangan sebuah perbadanan, memecahkan kod keselamatan untuk mendapatkan akses rangkaian yang tidak dibenarkan, atau menjalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang boleh menyebabkan kerugian kepada mangsa.Ini dipanggil sebagai"cracker".
Terdapat 2 jenis Hacker iaitu Whaite Hat dan Black Hat
WHITE HAT
Mereka ini boleh digelar sebagai 'penguji' kerana mereka menguji sistem keselamatan
sesuatu perkakasan komputer dan rangkaian. Jenis-hacker ini lebih suka menikmati pembelajaran dan bekerja
dengan sistem komputer, dan seterusnya mendapat pemahaman yang lebih mendalam
mengenai subjek. Orang seperti ini menggunakan kemahiran hacking mereka dengan
cara yang sah, seperti menjadi perunding keselamatan.Mereka menulis program
komputer untuk memastikan keselamatan komputer terjaga. Antara White Hat terkenal seperti dibawah :
Konrad Zuse
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It all begins
with Konrad Zuse, arguably the very first computer hacker. He may not have
been a hacker in the modern sense of the word, but none of it would have been
possible without him. You see, Zuse made the world’s very first fully
programmable (Turing-complete as they say) computer, known as the Z3. It
began, of course, as the Z1, and while it wasn’t built in a cave with a box
of scraps, Zuse did build it himself in his parents’ apartment, completing it
in 1938. Zuse eventually gained some backing by the German government,
leading to the evolution from the Z1 to the Z3, which, complete in 1941, is
considered the mother of modern computing.
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John “Captain Crunch”
Draper
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John Draper was hacking computers long before
computers were even common place. Draper’s hacking heyday was back in the
early 1970’s, when the largest computer network to which the general public
had any access was the telephone system. At the time, telephones were managed
by an automated system using specific analogue frequencies which could be
exploited to make free long distance or even international calls. It was
called “Phreaking,” and one of the most well-known Phreaking tools was a toy
whistle that came in a box of Cap’n Crunch cereal. With this whistle, Draper
created another popular Phreaking tool known as the Blue Box, a device that
could produce many other tones used by the phone companies.
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Steve Wozniak
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A contemporary to John Draper, Wozniak was no
stranger to Phreaking. In fact, after Draper shared the details of his Blue
Box design during a Homebrew Computer Club meeting, Wozniak built a version
of his own. Steve Jobs saw the marketing potential in the device, and the two
Steves began their first joint venture together. Wozniak’s hacking days
weren’t all spent on projects of questionable legality, though. With the
proceeds from their blue boxes as well as selling Wozniak’s cherished HP
calculator and Jobs’ VW van, Wozniak created the Apple I. With the other
Steve’s marketing prowess, their company became the industry leader it is
today.
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Robert Tappan Morris
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As a graduate
student at Cornell University, Robert Morris created his claim to fame: the
computer worm. According to Morris, he created the worm as an attempt to
gauge the size of the internet at the time. After its release on Nevember
2nd, 1988, the Morris Worm went on to infect approximately 6,000 systems
(about 10 percent of the internet attached computers at the time). The worm
was intended to be unobtrusive, but due to a flaw in its replication
algorithm, it copied itself excessively, causing heaving system loads and
ultimately leading back to Morris. In 1989, Morris became the first person
indicted and later convicted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986.
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Mark “Phiber Optik” Abene
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Here’s a name you may not be familiar with:
Mark Abene. He never hacked into the D.O.D. nor did he steal millions of
dollars in some Swordfish-style bank heist. What he did do was piss off
AT&T. As a member of the hacker group Masters of Destruction, Abene was
often poking around on AT&T’s systems. When AT&T’s telephone system
crashed, leaving 60,000 customers without phone service for over 9 hours,
they quickly blamed Abene. The Secret Service paid him a rather aggressive
visit, confiscating his equipment, and while AT&T eventually admitted
that the crash was a mistake on its part, Abene was charged with computer
tampering and computer trespassing in the first degree. Later, he would face
more charges and ultimately serve a year in federal prison, making him the
first hacker to do so.
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Kevin “Dark Dante”
Poulsen
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Poulsen holds claim to one of the more amusing
hacks of all time. A radio contest held by KIIS-FM promised a shiny new
Porsche 944 S2 to the 102nd person to call into the station. Rather than try
his luck among the multitude of Los Angeles listeners, Poulsen took over all
of the telephone lines to the station to ensure he’d be the 102nd caller. He
eventually had to disappear once he became a fugitive of the FBI. This landed
him a spot on the popular TV show Unsolved Mysteries. The show’s hotlines
crashed when the episode aired. Coincidence? In 1991, Poulsen was arrested
and eventually pled guilty to various counts of computer fraud, money
laundering, and obstruction of justice. Interestingly, since his
incarceration, Poulsen made a complete 180, helping in cyber crime cases, and
even capturing sexual predators on MySpace.
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Kevin Mitnick
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Kevin Mitnick is perhaps the most famous hacker
in computer history, likely due to his being the first hacker to make the
FBI’s Most Wanted list. As a master of social engineering, Mitnick didn’t
just hack computers; he hacked the human mind. In 1979, at the age of 16, he
hacked his way into his first computer system and copied proprietary software.
He would often engage with admin personnel, such as in phone calls and e-mail
messages, and trick them into giving up passwords and other security
information. After a two and a half year pursuit, Mitnick was finally
arrested and served five years in prison. He now runs his own computer
security consultancy, Mitnick Security Consulting LLC.
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Richard Stallman
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In his early
years, Stallman was a graduate student and programmer at MIT’s Artificial
Intelligence Labs where he would constantly engage with MIT’s rich hacking
culture. As an advocate for just about everything Open Source, Stallman
fought back when MIT installed a password system in its Computer Science
department. He would decrypt users’ passwords (not an easy task given the
processing power of the 1970’s) and send them a message with their password
in plaintext, suggesting they leave the password blank in order to re-enable
anonymous use. Going into the 1980’s, Stallman didn’t like the proprietary
stance many manufacturers were taking on their software. This eventually led
Stallman to create the GNU General Public License and GNU operating system, a
completely free Unix-like OS that is completely Unix-compatible.
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Tsutomu Shimomura
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Not all
hackers fall under the Black-Hat umbrella. Tsutomu Shimomura is a White-Hat
hacker credited with capturing Kevin Mitnick. In 1994, Mitnick stole some of
Shimomura’s personal files and distributed them online. Motivated by revenge,
Shimomura came up with a trace-dialing technique to back-hack his way in to
locating Mitnick. With Shimomura’s information, the FBI was able to pinpoint
and arrest Mitnick.
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BLACK HAT
Kadang-kadang dipanggil
"cracker", seseorang yang memecah keselamatan komputer tanpa
kebenaran atau menggunakan teknologi (biasanya sebuah komputer, telefon, sistem
atau rangkaian) untuk vandalisme, penipuan kad kredit, kecurian identiti, cetak
rompak, atau jenis lain aktiviti yang menyalahi undang-undang.Biasanya mereka
adalah bersalah di sisi undang2.Mereka mempunyai pengetahuan komputer yng baik
dan menulis program komputer untuk melakukan penggodaman.
